Gemmo Bautista Fernandez is a doctoral candidate and sessional academic at the ANU College of Law. His research, the subject of his doctoral dissertation, focuses on the implementation of duties owed erga omnes by ’states other than an injured state'. His other fields of research include human rights law and the law of sea. He obtained his Masters of Laws from the University of Sydney, Juris Doctor from the University of the Philippines, and his Bachelors of Science in Applied Mathematics from the Ateneo de Manila University. Prior to pursuing postgraduate studies, he practiced law in the Philippines in fields of cybercrime litigation and data privacy protection.